Diet six days a week, and on the seventh eat absolutely anything. What’s not to love about that? Apparently, a lot. The idea of a “cheat day,” or choosing to take a day off from strict dieting, stirs up some serious debate in the health world. So we went to the root of the issue: Can choosing to cheat actually be healthy?
There are generally three beliefs about what constitutes “cheating”:
But the diet-rejuvenating effect of a cheat day may amount to more than just burning a few extra calories. Restricting calories (as most people do when dieting) can cause leptin, a hormone responsible for maintaining our energy balance and causing weight loss, to dwindle. But temporarily upping calorie intake can re-up leptin production by nearly 30 percent (for up to 24 hours) [3] [4]. It’s that quick leptin buzz that’s responsible for boosting metabolism after overeating. And in addition to regulating hunger and metabolism, this hormone may contribute to increased motivation, libido, and dopamine— so after a cheat day, dieters might actually be happier and more motivated [5] [6] [7] [8].
It’s the combined benefits of leptin that lead some experts to advocate “cheat days” filled with foods scientifically shown to increase the hormone (as opposed to anything and everything they want). For example, one study found overeating on a high protein diet increased resting metabolism, while overeating on a low protein diet did not [9]. In another study, resting metabolism was only increased by carb bingeing— not from eating lots of fatty foods (think pizza and ice cream) [10]. And while cheat days often involve binge drinking in addition to binge eating, alcohol actually has the opposite effect on leptin. Fortunately, one study did find red wine was an exception to the rule (phew!)— but only in women [11]. So for anyone keeping score at home, that’s a high-protein, high-carb, low-fat, and alcohol-free (unless you’re a woman— then you can have red wine only) cheat day. Sounding less and less like a carefree free-for-all, huh?
It’s also especially important for anyone with a health condition (like diabetes, high cholesterol, blood pressure, etc.) to plan carefully, as even small indulgences can have more larger effects on health. Consider the overall balance of macronutrients in a dietary splurge— sweets may be fine, but look for those also high in essential nutrients like protein and fiber, explains Greatist expert Dr. Douglas Kalman.
The key, according to Joe, is getting past the guilt of assigning “good” and “bad” tags to various foods. Rather than turning a minor slip-up into a major back-slide, she says cheaters should simply accept what they ate, and continue with their diet as planned.
All in all, it appears calculated cheating can boost the benefits of an otherwise restrictive (read: low-cal) diet. No holds barred bingeing, however, can be dangerous and may even set off a problematic psychological chain reaction. For those who wish to indulge without all the scientific calculations, focus on quenching a craving rather than substituting an entire meal of unhealthy foods for a healthy one.
What Is Cheating?
Photo by Caitlin Covington
- The idea that a cheat day means eating anything during a set period of time (usually either one day or one meal).
- Cheating as making a calculated decision to eat specific things normally avoided for health reasons (like fructose to prevent a glucose spike, caffeine to boost energy, and so on).
- Accepting that cheating is a natural part of dieting, and therefore isn’t really “cheating” at all, says Greatist expert Lindsey Joe.
Physical Effects of Cheating
One of the pro-cheating claims is that cheat days boost metabolism by upping leptin production (we’ll explain that in a second), helping the body burn more calories after overeating. Some studies do support this claim, but others suggest overfeeding (the scientific phrase for eating too much, or “cheating”) only ups metabolism between three and 10 percent for no more than 24 hours, making the little boost not worth the hundreds or thousands of extra calories [1] [2].But the diet-rejuvenating effect of a cheat day may amount to more than just burning a few extra calories. Restricting calories (as most people do when dieting) can cause leptin, a hormone responsible for maintaining our energy balance and causing weight loss, to dwindle. But temporarily upping calorie intake can re-up leptin production by nearly 30 percent (for up to 24 hours) [3] [4]. It’s that quick leptin buzz that’s responsible for boosting metabolism after overeating. And in addition to regulating hunger and metabolism, this hormone may contribute to increased motivation, libido, and dopamine— so after a cheat day, dieters might actually be happier and more motivated [5] [6] [7] [8].
It’s the combined benefits of leptin that lead some experts to advocate “cheat days” filled with foods scientifically shown to increase the hormone (as opposed to anything and everything they want). For example, one study found overeating on a high protein diet increased resting metabolism, while overeating on a low protein diet did not [9]. In another study, resting metabolism was only increased by carb bingeing— not from eating lots of fatty foods (think pizza and ice cream) [10]. And while cheat days often involve binge drinking in addition to binge eating, alcohol actually has the opposite effect on leptin. Fortunately, one study did find red wine was an exception to the rule (phew!)— but only in women [11]. So for anyone keeping score at home, that’s a high-protein, high-carb, low-fat, and alcohol-free (unless you’re a woman— then you can have red wine only) cheat day. Sounding less and less like a carefree free-for-all, huh?
It’s also especially important for anyone with a health condition (like diabetes, high cholesterol, blood pressure, etc.) to plan carefully, as even small indulgences can have more larger effects on health. Consider the overall balance of macronutrients in a dietary splurge— sweets may be fine, but look for those also high in essential nutrients like protein and fiber, explains Greatist expert Dr. Douglas Kalman.
Psychological Effects of Cheating
But then there’s the whole other side of the cheating equation: psychology. Psychologists and nutritionists often believe allowing a cheat meal or cheat day to satisfy a craving allows people to stick to otherwise restrictive diets, Kalman explains. Other proponents of “cheating,” accept that people will only really adhere to a strict diet about 80 percent of the time. The other 20 percent is like built-in cheating. Diet gurus like Mark Sisson, the creator of the Primal Blueprint, and Paleo dieticians espouse a similar ideology.The key, according to Joe, is getting past the guilt of assigning “good” and “bad” tags to various foods. Rather than turning a minor slip-up into a major back-slide, she says cheaters should simply accept what they ate, and continue with their diet as planned.
All in all, it appears calculated cheating can boost the benefits of an otherwise restrictive (read: low-cal) diet. No holds barred bingeing, however, can be dangerous and may even set off a problematic psychological chain reaction. For those who wish to indulge without all the scientific calculations, focus on quenching a craving rather than substituting an entire meal of unhealthy foods for a healthy one.
Further Resources
- Metabolic studies in human obesity during overnutrition and undernutrition: thermogenic and hormonal responses to norepinephrine. Katzeff, H.L., O’Connell, M., Horton, E.S., et al. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, 1986 Feb;35(2):166-75. [↩]
- Effects of short-term carbohydrate or fat overfeeding on energy expenditure and plasma leptin concentrations in healthy female subjects. Dirlewanger, M., di Vetta, V., Guenat, E., et al. Institute of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 2000 Nov;24(11):1413-8. [↩]
- Plasma leptin responses to fasting in Pima Indians. Pratley, R.E., Nicolson, M., Bogardus, C., et al. Clinical Diabetes and Nutrition Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Arizona 85016, USA. The American Journal of Pysiology, 1997 Sep;273(3 Pt 1):E644-9. [↩]
- Effects of short-term carbohydrate or fat overfeeding on energy expenditure and plasma leptin concentrations in healthy female subjects. Dirlewanger, M., di Vetta, V., Guenat, E., et al. Institute of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 2000 Nov;24(11):1413-8. [↩]
- Leptin signaling, adiposity, and energy balance. Jéquier, E. Institute of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2002 Jun;967:379-88. [↩]
- Adipostatic regulation of motivation and emotion. Davis, J.F. Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA. Discovery Medicine, 2010 May;9(48):462-7. [↩]
- Adipose tissue and the reproductive axis: biological aspects. Hausman, G.J., Barb, C.R. USDA/ARS, Richard B. Russell Agriculture Research Center, Athens, GA, USA. Endocrine Development, 2010;19:31-44. [↩]
- Modulation of the mesolimbic dopamine system by leptin. Opland, D.M., Leinninger, G.M., Myers, M.G., Jr. Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Brain Research, 2010 Sep 2;1350:65-70. [↩]
- Effect of dietary protein content on weight gain, energy expenditure, and body composition during overeating: a randomized controlled trial. Bray, G.A., Smith, S.R., de Jonge, L., et al. Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 2012 Jan 4;307(1):47-55. [↩]
- Effects of short-term carbohydrate or fat overfeeding on energy expenditure and plasma leptin concentrations in healthy female subjects. Dirlewanger, M., di Vetta, V., Guenat, E., et al. Institute of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 2000 Nov;24(11):1413-8. [↩]
- The effect of red wine on plasma leptin levels and vasoactive factors from adipose tissue: a randomized crossover trial. Djurovic, S., Berge, K.E., Birkenes, B., et al. Department of Medical Genetics, Ullevaal University Hospital, N-0407 Oslo, Norway. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 2007 Nov-Dec;42(6):525-8. [↩]
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